Data-structures: lists, stacks, queues.

Data visualization using Pyplot: line chart, pie chart, and bar chart.

Idea of efficiency: performance defined as inversely proportional to the wall clock time, count the number of operations a piece of code is performing, and measure the time taken by a program. Example: take two different programs for the same problem, an

Recursion: simple algorithms with recursion: factorial, Fibonacci numbers; recursion on arrays: binary search

Using Python libraries: create and import Python libraries

File handling: open and close a file, read, write, and append to a file, standard input, output, and error streams, relative and absolute paths.

Functions: scope, parameter passing, mutable/immutable properties of data objects, pass arrays to functions, return values, functions using libraries: mathematical, and string functions.

Revision of the basics of Python